¹ The certificate is null and void where:

a.²⁷²

it was granted contrary to Article 140b, Article 140c paragraph 2, Article 146 paragraph 1 or Article 147 paragraph 1;

b.

the patent lapses before its maximum term expires (Article 15);

c.

the patent is declared null and void;

d.

the patent is limited to the extent that the product for which the certificate was granted is no longer covered by the claims;

e.

after the lapse of the patent, grounds exist which would have justified the declaration of nullity of the patent under letter c or a limitation under letter d.

² Any person may bring an action to have the certificate declared null and void before the authority responsible for declaring the nullity of the patent.